Thermoelectric

By using a thermocouple, the thermoelectric effect converts temperature differences directly into electric voltage and vice versa. When the temperature is different on each side, a thermoelectric device generates a voltage. In contrast, heat is transmitted from one side to the other when a voltage is applied to it, resulting in a temperature difference. When a temperature gradient is provided, charge carriers in the material diffuse from the hot side to the cold side at the atomic level.